Brinda's Blog

Aim: Write a program to find out class of a given IP address, subnet mask & first & last IP address of that block. Apparatus (Software): Eclipse/ Netbeans Procedure: Following should be studied to understand this practical. IPv4 Addressing and Subnetting Hardware Addressing A hardware address is used to uniquely identify a host within a local network. Hardware addressing is a function of the Data-Link layer of the OSI model (Layer-2). Ethernet utilizes the 48-bit MAC address as its hardware address. MAC address is most often represented in hexadecimal, using one of two accepted formats: 00:43:AB:F2:32:13 The first six hexadecimal digits of a MAC address identify the manufacturer of the physical network interface. This is referred to as the OUI (Organizational Unique Identifier). The last six digits uniquely identify the host itself, and are referred to as the host ID. The MAC address has one shortcoming – it contains no hie...

Aim: Write a program for Congestion Control using : a. Stop & Wait protocol. b. Sliding Window protocol. Apparatus (Software): Eclipse/ Netbeans Procedure: Following should be studied to understand this practical Congestion Control Overview Problem: When too many packets are transmitted through a network, congestion occurs . At very high traffic, performance collapses completely, and almost no packets are delivered Causes: Bursty nature of traffic is the root cause → When part of the network no longer can cope a sudden increase of traffic, congestion builds upon. Other factors, such as lack of bandwidth, ill-configuration and slow routers can also bring up congestion Solution: congestion control, and two basic approaches – Open-loop: try to prevent congestion occurring by good design – Closed-loop: monitor the system to detect congestion, pass this information to where action can be taken, and adjust system operation to correct the prob...