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Study of Differenet Network Types and Different Types of Network Cables and Practically Implement the Cross-Wired cable using Clamping Tool.

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EXPERIMENT-1.a Aim: Study of following Network Types. • PAN • LAN • MAN • WAN Apparatus (Software): No software or hardware needed. Procedure: Following should be studied to understand this practical. Types of Networks There are several different types of computer networks. Computer networks can be characterized by their size as well as their purpose. The size of a network can be expressed by the geographic area they occupy and the number of computers that are part of the network. Networks can cover anything from a handful of devices within a single room to millions of devices spread across the entire globe. Some of the different networks based on size are: Personal area network, or PAN Local area network, or LAN Metropolitan area network, or MAN Wide area network, or WAN In terms of purpose, many networks can be considered general purpose, which means they are used for everything from sending files to a prin...
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Error Detection and Correction Techniques

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Aim: a. Write a program for Error Detection usinng CRC. b. Write a program for Error C orrection using Hamming Code. Apparatus (Software): Eclipse/ Netbeans Procedure: Following should be studied to understand this practical Introduction Environmental interference and physical defects in the communication medium can cause random bit errors during data transmission. Error coding is a method of detecting and correcting these errors to ensure information is transferred intact from its source to its destination. Types of errors These interferences can change the timing and shape of the signal. If the signal is carrying binary encoded data, such changes can alter the meaning of the data. These errors can be divided into two types: Single-bit error and Burst error. Single-bit Error The term single-bit error means that only one bit of given data unit (such as a byte, character, or data unit) is changed from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1 as ...
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Challenges in e-governance

Over the years, many e-governance initiatives have been undertaken by various State Governments and Central Ministries to make all government services accessible to the common man in his locality, through common service delivery outlets, and ensure efficiency, transparency, and reliability of such services for a common man.  Although there are many improvements and innovations made in e-governance services but yet in today’s global context, e-governance services must respond proactively and it should be more agile.  There are large numbers of barriers that hinder the potential working of e-Governance. It could be different languages, IT illiteracy, population, lack of integrated services, lack of confidence, etc and it has often complained that the government schemes remain confined to papers and even if they are implemented there are no proper sources that can guarantee the proper working on the ground. Many e-government websites and applications particularly those ...
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